Effect of ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum L. on tacrine induced orofacial dyskinesia.

The effect of ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum L. seeds (100, 200 mg/kg) was studied on tacrine induced orofacial dyskinesia. Tacrine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) treated animals were observed for vacuous chewing movements (VCM), tongue protrusions (TP) and orofacial bursts (OB) for 1 h followed by observations for locomotor changes and cognitive dysfunction. Sub-chronic administration of Coriandrum sativum L. seed extract (E-CS) (100, 200 mg/kg, p.o., for 15 days significantly (P <0.05) decreased the tacrine induced VCM, TP and OB; and also significantly (P <0.05), increased locomotion and cognition compared to the tacrine treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed that tacrine administration significantly (P <0.05) decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSH) levels and also significantly (P <0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) as an index of oxidative stress, whereas sub-chronic administration of E-CS significantly (P <0.05) improved the antioxidant enzyme (i.e. SOD, CAT, and GSH) levels and also significantly (P <0.05) decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results have demonstrated the protective role of ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum. L against tacrine induced orofacial dyskinesia.

Early Results of Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a Third Generation Alumina-on-Alumina Bearing Surface / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the early results and occurrence of complications of cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) using an alumina-on-alumina articulation with a minimum follow up period of three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 108 patients (121 hips) who underwent cementless THA using an alumina-on-alumina articulation. The mean age of the patients was 50.7 years (range, 20-80 years) and mean the follow up period was 48 months (range, 36-60 months). Preoperative diagnoses included osteonecrosis of the femoral head in 90 hips; secondary osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia in 24 hips; secondary osteoarthritis after acetabular fracture in four hips; acute femoral neck fracture in three hips. Clinical evaluation was performed using Harris hip score (HHS) and radiographic evaluation was performed in terms of the fixation of components and the prevalence of osteolysis. In addition, we observed complications, including the occurrence of sound or fracture of the alumina head or liner. RESULTS: Mean HHS improved from 62.4 points to 94 points at final follow-up. Thigh discomfort was found in six hips and mild inguinal discomfort was found in eight hips. Both had disappeared within one year after operation. A clicking sound was detected in two patients. One hip had become dislocated and an alumina liner fracture had occurred in one hip. Loosening of component or osteolysis was not observed in any hip. The radiographic wear was not measurable. CONCLUSION: Early results of cementless THA using an alumina-on-alumina articulation were favorable, with osseointegration of the components and absence of periprosthetic osteolysis. However, longer-term follow up for a hip clicking sound and fracture of an alumina fracture are necessary.

Acute Occlusion of a Femoro-Popliteal Bypass Graft after Primary Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Vascular complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA) are rare and mainly occur after revision surgery, and of these complications, large artery thrombosis is relatively uncommon. Nevertheless, this complication has potentially devastating effects on the affected lower extremity. The authors report a case of acute thrombosis in an iliac artery stent and femoro-popliteal bypass graft after primary cementless THA, and include relevant literature review.

Comparison of Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty versus Conventional Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Active Elderly Patients / 전남의대학술지

Fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients can be treated by internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip arthroplasty (THA), and the treatment modality used should be determined on the basis of considerations of the degree of fracture displacement, age, functional demands, and the risk factors for surgery and anesthesia. We studied 85 active elderly patients who underwent minimally invasive two-incision THA or conventional bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) within 2 weeks of injury for the treatment of acute displaced femoral neck fractures. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 24 months. The average operation times were 70 minutes in the THA group and 46 minutes in the BHA group (p=0.002), and average blood losses during the perioperative period were 921 cc and 892 cc, respectively (p=0.562). In the THA group, the average postoperative Harris hip score was 88.3 and the average Western Ontario and McMaster University score was 28.8, whereas in the BHA group the corresponding scores were 80.4 (p=0.006) and 32.5 (p=0.012), respectively. There were 2 cases of hip dislocation in the THA group, and 2 cases in the BHA group underwent conversion to THA. Our short-term follow-up results were better for minimally invasive two-incision THA than for conventional BHA for the treatment of acute displaced femoral neck fractures in active elderly patients.

History of the Artificial Hip Joint / 대한고관절학회지

For several centuries, orthopaedic surgeons have been given the task of managing the pain, limp, and gait disturbance that develop in association with various trauma and diseases of the hip joint. Progress has been made in development of surgical methods for the hip joint, and a recent concept was determined by introduction of the 'Clean Air Operating Enclosure' system and 'low frictional arthroplasty' in total hip arthroplasty (THA) by John Charnley, in 1960. THA has been performed as an exclusive method for hip joint reconstruction. We report on understanding of the current status from the past, present, and future trends with an introduction of the prior method of THA and a discussion of the history.

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in a Patient with Poliomyelitis Treated by THA with a Large-diameter Metal Head - A Case Report - / 대한고관절학회지

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) can be a good treatment option for avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. However, because dislocation can frequently occur after surgery, THA is a concern in patients with a neuromuscular disease, such as cerebral palsy or poliomyelitis. In patients with poliomyelitis, only one case of AVN of the femoral head in the affected limb has been reported in the English literature. Here, the authors report on a case of AVN of the femoral head in a patient with poliomyelitis, who was treated with a large diameter femoral head metal-on-metal THA using a modified minimally invasive-2-incision technique.

Comparison of Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty versus Conventional Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Active Elderly Patients / 전남의대학술지

Fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients can be treated by internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip arthroplasty (THA), and the treatment modality used should be determined on the basis of considerations of the degree of fracture displacement, age, functional demands, and the risk factors for surgery and anesthesia. We studied 85 active elderly patients who underwent minimally invasive two-incision THA or conventional bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) within 2 weeks of injury for the treatment of acute displaced femoral neck fractures. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 24 months. The average operation times were 70 minutes in the THA group and 46 minutes in the BHA group (p=0.002), and average blood losses during the perioperative period were 921 cc and 892 cc, respectively (p=0.562). In the THA group, the average postoperative Harris hip score was 88.3 and the average Western Ontario and McMaster University score was 28.8, whereas in the BHA group the corresponding scores were 80.4 (p=0.006) and 32.5 (p=0.012), respectively. There were 2 cases of hip dislocation in the THA group, and 2 cases in the BHA group underwent conversion to THA. Our short-term follow-up results were better for minimally invasive two-incision THA than for conventional BHA for the treatment of acute displaced femoral neck fractures in active elderly patients.

Medially Directed TRUS Biopsy of the Prostate: Clinical Utility and Optimal Protocol

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to determine whether medially directed transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy is necessary for detection of prostate cancer and for establishment of an optimal biopsy regimen tha is equivalent to a systematic 12 core biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 302 patients underwent a TRUS-guided systematic 12 core biopsy consisting of both medial sextant biopsy obtained between the parasagittal line and midline and lateral sextant biopsy obtained between the parasagittal line and lateral border. We obtained cancer detection rates of various biopsy regimens that were produced from a systematic 12 core biopsy. RESULTS: Using a systematic 12 core biopsy, cancer was detected in 116 (38.4%) of 302 patients. No significant difference was observed between cancer detection rates of medial sextant biopsy and lateral sextant biopsy (33.8% versus 31.5%, p >.05). Biopsy regimens that were equivalent to the systematic 12 core regarding cancer detection rate included medially directed cores that were obtained from both medial portions of the apex. CONCLUSION: Both medially directed biopsy and laterally directed biopsy are necessary for detection of prostate cancer and for establishment of an optimal biopsy regimen.

Minimum 5-Year Results of Titanium Tapered Stem with Alumina Bearing in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a Modified Direct Lateral Approach / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a single titanium tapered stem with alumina bearing, which was performed through a modified direct lateral approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive primary THAs were performed in 102 patients, and retrospectively reviewed. There were 53 men and 49 women of mean age 54 years, and all patients were followed for a minimum follow-up period of 5 years (range, 5-8.1 years). Clinical outcomes assessment consisted of calculation of the Harris hip score (HHS), and evaluation of the presence of thigh pain or limp. Sequential radiographs were evaluated for implant migration, osteolysis, reactive line, cortical hypertrophy, or evidence of component loosening. RESULTS: At the final follow-up, the mean preoperative HHS of 46 points improved to 94 points; and activity-related thigh pain occurred in two hips, and mild limps in four hips. There was no evidence of implant migration, osteolysis, or component loosening. Audible squeaking was present in two hips, without pain and radiographic abnormality. Dislocation occurred in three hips. CONCLUSION: The minimum 5-year results of titanium tapered stem with alumina bearing in cementless primary THA, using a modified direct lateral approach, were encouraging.

Femoral Head Size of 36 mm against Highly Cross-linked Polyethylene in Patients Younger than 60 Years: Minimun Three Years of Follow Up / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed using large diameter femoral head against with highly cross-linked polyethylene as a bearing surface in patients less than sixty years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients were enrolled and retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of patients at index surgery was 49 years and the mean follow-up period was 61 months. Clinical follow-up involved implementing the Harris hip score (HHS) and a radiographic evaluation that included linear radiolucency, osteolysis, and loosening. An annual wear rate was performed at 6 weeks; at 3, 6, and 12 months; and on a yearly basis thereafter. RESULTS: The average HHS at last follow-up was 94 (range: 82-98). Radiographically, no osteolysis in the pelvis or proximal femur was observed in any patient. No acetabular cup or femoral stem failed due to aseptic loosening. No eccentric wear was observed on any liner, and no liner fracture occurred. However, one patient experienced hip dislocation. The average femoral head penetration rate during the first postoperative year was 0.077+/-0.026 mm/year, and the average steady-state wear rate was 0.033+/-0.023 mm/year. CONCLUSION: THA with a large diameter femoral head of highly cross-linked polyethylene in patients younger than 60 years of age was found to produce results comparable to previous in vitro laboratory hip simulation studies. In particular, patient satisfaction was high due to no limitation in range of motion or hip posture during the early post-operative period. Longer-term follow-up is required to demonstrate the clinical benefits of this new material more comprehensively.

Total Hip Arthroplasty Using AML(R) Prosthesis: Minimum 20-Year Follow-Up of the Patients / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We reviewed the radiological outcomes and survival rate of the total hip arthroplasty (THA) with AML(R) (Anatomic Medullary Locking, DePuy, Warsaw, IN, USA) hip prosthesis on long-term follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 1988 to December 1990, 93 hip arthroplasties were performed on 77 patients in our hospital. In this study, 30 patients, of whom 41 hips underwent the procedure, were alive and able to be included. Follow-up was average of 21.4 years. The mean patient age was 45 years (35-60 years) at the time of operation. Of the hip procedures included in our study, the reasons for THA were osteonecrosis of the femoral head in 25 hips, rheumatoid arthritis in 3 and acetabular dysplasia in 2. We analyzed the wear rate of the polyethylene, osteolysis of the femur and acetabulum and stress shielding of the femur on the follow-up radiographs. In addition, we investigated the survival rate of the prosthesis and causes of revision in the last follow-up. RESULTS: The polyethylene wear rate of the surviving acetabular cup was 0.15 mm/yr. Acetabular osteolysis was detected in 33 hips and was mostly in zone 2 and 3. Femoral osteolysis was showed in 32 hips in zone 1 and 7. Stress shielding over grade 3 was found in 5 of 21 femoral stems in over 13.5 mm in diameter. The grade of stress shielding did not progress with follow-up. Of the 33 hips, 26 (63.4%) cups were revised for polyethylene wear and osteolysis. There were 6 (21%) femoral stems revised for osteolysis. CONCLUSION: The cause of a high revision rate of the prosthesis was polyethylene wear and osteolysis. We predict that THA using AML(R) prosthesis with wear-resistant bearing surfaces could increase the survival rate on long-term follow-up over 20 years.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of tacrine-methoxybenzene hybrids as cholinesterases inhibitors / 药学学报

A series of tacrine-methoxybenzene hybrids (5a-5i) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of cholinesterases (ChEs). All the compounds had better ChEs inhibitory activities than tacrine with IC50 values at the nanomolar range. Compound 5h exhibited the strongest inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 6.74 nmol x L(-1) and compound 5f showed the most potent inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 value of 3.83 nmol x L(-1). Kinetic and molecular modeling studies showed that these hybrids targeted both the catalytic active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE.

Effects of White Radish (Raphanus sativus) Enzyme Extract on Hepatotoxicity

Raphanus sativus (Cruciferaceae), commonly known as radish is widely available throughout the world. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of radish (Raphanus sativus) enzyme extract (REE) in vitro and in vivo test. The IC50 values of REE in human liver derived HepG2 cells was over 5,000 microg/ml in tested maximum concentration. The effect of REE to protect tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. REE showed their hepatoprotective activities on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity and the EC50 value was 1,250 microg/ml. Silymarin, an antihepatotoxic agent used as a positive control exhibited 59.7% hepatoprotective activitiy at 100 microg/ml. Moreover, we tested the effect of REE on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. REE at dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg and silymarin at dose of 50 mg/kg were orally administered to CCl4-treated rats. The results showed that REE and silymarin significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum enzyme markers induced by CCl4. The biochemical data were supported by evaluation with liver histopathology. These findings suggest that REE, can significantly diminish hepatic damage by toxic agent such as tacrine or CCl4.

Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty with Fourth Generation Ceramic-on-Ceramic Articulation: Minimum Two Years of Follow-up / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to report clinical and radiographic results over a period of two 2 years after cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) with fourth generation ceramic-on-ceramic articulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 22 patients, 23 cases which were followed up for two years among 25 patients, 26 patients who underwent cementless THA with the fourth generation ceramic between April 2009 and December 2009. The average age of the patients was 55.9 years old(22 to 72 years old), and the average follow-up duration was 28 months(24 to 32 months). A clinical evaluation was performed using the Harris hip score (HHS), and radiologic evaluation was based on acetabular cups and osteolysis of the femoral stems, instability, distance, angle, and so on. RESULTS: HHS showed an increase, from 54 for before-surgical treatment, to 91 at the last follow-up. Inguinal pain was observed in one case, and femoral pain was observed in two cases. Stable fixation was achieved in all cases, and no instability, osteolysis, or movement of acetabular cups and femoral stems was observed. CONCLUSION: Clinical and radiological short-term results for use ofthe fourth generation ceramic-on-ceramic cementless THA have favorable so far. Further follow-up study should be performed for evaluation of the long-term results.

Bilateral Catastrophic Acetabular Component Failure after Ceramic-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Ceramic-on-polyethylene components have better wear characteristics than metal-on-polyethylene components in total hip arthroplasty (THA), and thus, extensive wear resulting in penetration of the femoral head through the acetabular cup is rare after ceramic-on-polyethylene THA. However, several reports have been issued regarding catastrophic polyethylene failure in ceramic-on-polyethylene systems. Here, the authors report the first case of bilateral complete polyethylene wear failure with acetabular cup perforation after ceramic-on-polyethylene THA.

Bilateral Catastrophic Acetabular Component Failure after Ceramic-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Ceramic-on-polyethylene components have better wear characteristics than metal-on-polyethylene components in total hip arthroplasty (THA), and thus, extensive wear resulting in penetration of the femoral head through the acetabular cup is rare after ceramic-on-polyethylene THA. However, several reports have been issued regarding catastrophic polyethylene failure in ceramic-on-polyethylene systems. Here, the authors report the first case of bilateral complete polyethylene wear failure with acetabular cup perforation after ceramic-on-polyethylene THA.

Repeated Periprosthethic Femoral Fracture in a Below Knee Amputee with Ipsilateral Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is rarely performed in below-knee amputee patients. To the best of the authors' knowledge, periprosthetic femoral fracture in such patients has not been previously reported. Such devastating complication can occur even with minor trauma. To prevent occurrence of such events, there may be several important factors to be considered in performance of THA surgery in below-knee amputee patients and during the course of rehabilitation. In this report, we describe a case involving a below-knee amputee patient who experienced multiple periprosthetic femoral fractures after THA.

Ghrelin Protects Spinal Cord Motoneurons Against Chronic Glutamate Excitotoxicity by Inhibiting Microglial Activation

Glutamate excitotoxicity is emerging as a contributor to degeneration of spinal cord motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, we have reported that ghrelin protects motoneurons against chronic glutamate excitotoxicity through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta pathways. Previous studies suggest that activated microglia actively participate in the pathogenesis of ALS motoneuron degeneration. However, it is still unknown whether ghrelin exerts its protective effect on motoneurons via inhibition of microglial activation. In this study, we investigate organotypic spinal cord cultures (OSCCs) exposed to threohydroxyaspartate (THA), as a model of excitotoxic motoneuron degeneration, to determine if ghrelin prevents microglial activation. Exposure of OSCCs to THA for 3 weeks produced typical motoneuron death, and treatment of ghrelin significantly attenuated THA-induced motoneuron loss, as previously reported. Ghrelin prevented THA-induced microglial activation in the spinal cord and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta. Our data indicate that ghrelin may act as a survival factor for motoneurons by functioning as a microglia-deactivating factor and suggest that ghrelin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders where inflammatory responses play a critical role.

Hip Arthroplasty Using Collarless Polished Tapered Stem: Minimum 2 Years Follow-up Results

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of total hip arthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty using collarless polished tapered femoral stem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of 33 patients who underwent THA and BHA using cemented CPT femoral stem from November 2006 to April 2009. The mean follow-up period was 33 months. The clinical results were evaluated with a Harris Hip Score (HSS), and radiographic results were assessed with cement grade, osteolysis, loosening, stress shielding and subsidence methods. RESULTS: Mean HSS improved with 91 points. Postoperative cement grade was A in 14 cases, B in 14 cases, C1 in 5 cases and D in none. Aseptic loosening was not found, while focal radiolucency in zone 8 was found. 70% of stems showed grade 1 and 2 stress shielding according to Engh's criteria. Subsidence of the femoral stem was less than 1 mm in 32 cases, and was 1.47 mm in another case. Ectopic ossification was observed in 13 cases, class I in 11 cases, and class II in 2 cases, using Brooker's classification. CONCLUSION: This study showed the good clinical and radiographic results of THA and BHA with a cemented CPT femoral stem at the mid-term follow-up. However, a long-term follow-up study will be needed to evaluate the more precise clinical and radiographic outcomes.

Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated current by bis(7)-tacrine in HEK-293 cells expressing NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B receptors / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In normal rat forebrain, the NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B dimmers are the main constitutional forms of NMDA receptors. The present study was carried out to determine the functional properties of the heteromeric NMDA receptor subunits and their inhibition by bis(7)-tacrine (B7T). Rat NR1, NR2A and NR2B cDNAs were transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293). The inhibition of NMDA-activated currents by B7T was detected in HEK-293 cell expressing NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B receptors by using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. The results showed that in HEK-293 cells expressing NR1/NR2A receptor, 1 μmol/L B7T inhibited 30 μmol/L NMDA- and 1000 μmol/L NMDA-activated steady-state currents by 46% and 40%, respectively (P>0.05; n=5), suggesting that the inhibition of B7T on NR1/NR2A receptor doesn't depend on NMDA concentration, which is consistent with a non-competitive mechanism of inhibition. But for the NR1/NR2B receptor, 1 μmol/L B7T inhibited 30 μmol/L NMDA- and 1000 μmol/L NMDA-activated steady-state currents by 61% and 13%, respectively (P<0.05; n=6), showing that B7T appears to be competitive with NMDA. In addition, simultaneous application of 1 μmol/L B7T and 1000 μmol/L NMDA produced a moderate inhibition of peak NMDA-activated current, followed by a gradual decline of the current to a steady state. However, the gradual onset of inhibition produced by B7T applied simultaneously with NMDA was eliminated when B7T was given 5 s before NMDA. These results suggested that B7T inhibition of NMDA current mediated by NR1/NR2B receptor was slow onset, and it did not depend on the presence of the agonist. With holding potentials ranging from -50 to +50 mV, the B7T inhibition rate of NMDA currents didn't change significantly, and neither did the reversal potential. We are led to conclude that the NR1/NR2B recombinant receptor can serve as a very useful model for studying the molecular mechanism of NMDA receptor inhibition by B7T.